我们提出了一种用于计算自动语音识别（ASR）中错误率的新方法。这个新的指标是针对包含半字符的语言，可以以不同形式编写相同的字符。我们在印地语中实施了我们的方法论，这是指示上下文中的主要语言之一，我们认为这种方法可扩展到包含大型字符集的其他类似语言。我们称我们的指标替代单词错误率（AWER）和替代字符错误率（ACER）。我们使用wav2Vec 2.0 \ cite {baevski2020wav2vec}训练我们的ASR模型。此外，我们使用语言模型来改善我们的模型性能。我们的结果表明，在分析单词和角色级别的错误率方面有了显着提高，ASR系统的可解释性提高了高达$ 3 $ \％的AWER，印地语的ACER $ 7 $ \％。我们的实验表明，在具有复杂发音的语言中，有多种写单词而不改变其含义的方式。在这种情况下，Awer和Acer将更有用，而不是将其作为指标。此外，我们通过新的公制脚本为印地语开了一个21小时的新基准测试数据集。

我们研究应用语言模型（LM）对指示语言自动语音识别（ASR）系统输出的影响。我们微调WAV2VEC $ 2.0 $型号的$ 18 $指示性语言，并通过根据各种来源派生的文本训练的语言模型调整结果。我们的发现表明，平均字符错误率（CER）降低了$ 28 $ \％，平均单词错误率（WER）在解码LM后降低了$ 36 $ \％。我们表明，与多样化的LM相比，大型LM可能无法提供实质性的改进。我们还证明，可以在特定于域的数据上获得高质量的转录，而无需重新培训ASR模型并显示了生物医学领域的结果。

培训多语言自动语音识别（ASR）系统具有挑战性，因为声学和词汇信息通常是特定于语言的。由于缺乏开源数据集和不同方法的结果，培训对Indo语言的多语言系统更加困难。我们将端到端多语言语音识别系统的性能与以语言识别（LID）为条件的单语模型的性能进行比较。来自多语言模型的解码信息用于语言识别，然后与单语模型结合使用，以改善跨语言的50％WER。我们还提出了一种类似的技术来解决代码切换问题，并在印度英语和孟加拉国英语中分别达到21.77和28.27。我们的工作谈到了如何将基于变压器的ASR尤其是WAV2VEC 2.0应用于开发用于指示语言的多语言ASR和代码转换ASR。

我们提出Vakyansh，这是一种用指示语言识别语音识别的端到端工具包。印度拥有近121种语言和大约125亿扬声器。然而，大多数语言在数据和预验证的模型方面都是低资源。通过Vakyansh，我们介绍了自动数据管道，用于数据创建，模型培训，模型评估和部署。我们以23个指示语言和Train Wav2Vec 2.0预验证的模型创建14,000小时的语音数据。然后，对这些预审预告措施的模型进行了修订，以创建18个指示语言的最先进的语音识别模型，其次是语言模型和标点符号修复模型。我们以使命开源所有这些资源，这将激发语音社区使用ASR模型以指示语言开发语音的首次应用程序。

我们介绍了一个CLSRIL-23，一个自我监督的基于学习的音频预训练模型，它学习了来自23个指示语言的原始音频的交叉语言语音表示。它基于Wav2Vec 2.0之上，通过培训蒙面潜在语音表示的对比任务来解决，并共同了解所有语言共享的潜伏的量化。我们在预磨练期间比较语言明智的损失，以比较单机和多语言预制的影响。还比较了一些下游微调任务的表现，并且我们的实验表明，在学习语音表示方面，我们的实验表明，在学习语言的语音表示方面，以及在沿着流的性能方面的学习语音表示。在Hindi中使用多语言预磨模模型时，在WER中观察到5％的减少，9.5％。所有代码模型也都是开放的。 CLSRIL-23是一款以23美元的价格培训的型号，以及近10,000小时的音频数据培训，以促进在语言中的语音识别研究。我们希望将使用自我监督方法创建新的最新状态，特别是对于低资源指示语言。

Large pre-trained models, such as Bert, GPT, and Wav2Vec, have demonstrated great potential for learning representations that are transferable to a wide variety of downstream tasks . It is difficult to obtain a large quantity of supervised data due to the limited availability of resources and time. In light of this, a significant amount of research has been conducted in the area of adopting large pre-trained datasets for diverse downstream tasks via fine tuning, linear probing, or prompt tuning in low resource settings. Normalization techniques are essential for accelerating training and improving the generalization of deep neural networks and have been successfully used in a wide variety of applications. A lot of normalization techniques have been proposed but the success of normalization in low resource downstream NLP and speech tasks is limited. One of the reasons is the inability to capture expressiveness by rescaling parameters of normalization. We propose KullbackLeibler(KL) Regularized normalization (KL-Norm) which make the normalized data well behaved and helps in better generalization as it reduces over-fitting, generalises well on out of domain distributions and removes irrelevant biases and features with negligible increase in model parameters and memory overheads. Detailed experimental evaluation on multiple low resource NLP and speech tasks, demonstrates the superior performance of KL-Norm as compared to other popular normalization and regularization techniques.

We present Mu$^{2}$SLAM, a multilingual sequence-to-sequence model pre-trained jointly on unlabeled speech, unlabeled text and supervised data spanning Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Automatic Speech Translation (AST) and Machine Translation (MT), in over 100 languages. By leveraging a quantized representation of speech as a target, Mu$^{2}$SLAM trains the speech-text models with a sequence-to-sequence masked denoising objective similar to T5 on the decoder and a masked language modeling (MLM) objective on the encoder, for both unlabeled speech and text, while utilizing the supervised tasks to improve cross-lingual and cross-modal representation alignment within the model. On CoVoST AST, Mu$^{2}$SLAM establishes a new state-of-the-art for models trained on public datasets, improving on xx-en translation over the previous best by 1.9 BLEU points and on en-xx translation by 1.1 BLEU points. On Voxpopuli ASR, our model matches the performance of an mSLAM model fine-tuned with an RNN-T decoder, despite using a relatively weaker sequence-to-sequence architecture. On text understanding tasks, our model improves by more than 6\% over mSLAM on XNLI, getting closer to the performance of mT5 models of comparable capacity on XNLI and TydiQA, paving the way towards a single model for all speech and text understanding tasks.

End-to-end text-to-speech (TTS) systems have been developed for European languages like English and Spanish with state-of-the-art speech quality, prosody, and naturalness. However, development of end-to-end TTS for Indian languages is lagging behind in terms of quality. The challenges involved in such a task are: 1) scarcity of quality training data; 2) low efficiency during training and inference; 3) slow convergence in the case of large vocabulary size. In our work reported in this paper, we have investigated the use of fine-tuning the English-pretrained Tacotron2 model with limited Sanskrit data to synthesize natural sounding speech in Sanskrit in low resource settings. Our experiments show encouraging results, achieving an overall MOS of 3.38 from 37 evaluators with good Sanskrit spoken knowledge. This is really a very good result, considering the fact that the speech data we have used is of duration 2.5 hours only.

Our education system comprises a series of curricula. For example, when we learn mathematics at school, we learn in order from addition, to multiplication, and later to integration. Delineating a curriculum for teaching either a human or a machine shares the underlying goal of maximizing the positive knowledge transfer from early to later tasks and minimizing forgetting of the early tasks. Here, we exhaustively surveyed the effect of curricula on existing continual learning algorithms in the class-incremental setting, where algorithms must learn classes one at a time from a continuous stream of data. We observed that across a breadth of possible class orders (curricula), curricula influence the retention of information and that this effect is not just a product of stochasticity. Further, as a primary effort toward automated curriculum design, we proposed a method capable of designing and ranking effective curricula based on inter-class feature similarities. We compared the predicted curricula against empirically determined effectual curricula and observed significant overlaps between the two. To support the study of a curriculum designer, we conducted a series of human psychophysics experiments and contributed a new Continual Learning benchmark in object recognition. We assessed the degree of agreement in effective curricula between humans and machines. Surprisingly, our curriculum designer successfully predicts an optimal set of curricula that is effective for human learning. There are many considerations in curriculum design, such as timely student feedback and learning with multiple modalities. Our study is the first attempt to set a standard framework for the community to tackle the problem of teaching humans and machines to learn to learn continuously.

在本文中，我们通过神经生成编码的神经认知计算框架（NGC）提出了一种无反向传播的方法，以机器人控制（NGC），设计了一种完全由强大的预测性编码/处理电路构建的代理，体现计划的原则。具体而言，我们制作了一种自适应剂系统，我们称之为主动预测性编码（ACTPC），该系统可以平衡内部生成的认知信号（旨在鼓励智能探索）与内部生成的仪器信号（旨在鼓励寻求目标行为）最终学习如何使用现实的机器人模拟器（即超现实的机器人套件）来控制各种模拟机器人系统以及复杂的机器人臂，以解决块提升任务并可能选择问题。值得注意的是，我们的实验结果表明，我们提出的ACTPC代理在面对稀疏（外部）奖励信号方面表现良好，并且具有竞争力或竞争性或胜过几种强大的基于反向Prop的RL方法。